Which approach includes structure-based production tasks, comprehension tasks focusing on target forms, and consciousness-raising tasks?

• A. Input processing instruction
• B. Interactional feedback
• C. Textual enhancement
• D. Task-based instruction

Answer: (D)

Task-based instruction centers learning on completing meaningful communicative tasks, using language as a tool to achieve real outcomes. In this approach, activities are designed to let learners produce language to accomplish a goal (structure-based production tasks) while also including tasks that require learners to understand how language works in context (comprehension tasks focusing on target forms). To support noticing and internalization of those forms, consciousness-raising tasks are integrated so learners become more aware of specific grammatical patterns. This combination—production, comprehension focused on forms, and form awareness—fits the task-based framework well because it ties meaning and function to linguistic form through purposeful tasks. Other approaches tend to emphasize one aspect at a time, such as processing input for form, negotiating meaning during interaction, or highlighting forms in texts, but they don’t inherently bring together all three components in the same integrated task cycle.